Definition and Examples of Inflectional Morphology

Inflectional morphology is  the study of the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories. In comparison to many other languages, the inflectional system of Modern English is fairly limited.   Inflectional  morphology is customarily distinguished from derivational morphology (or word formation). As A.Y. Aikhenvald points out, Derivational morphology results in the creation of a new word with a new meaning. In contrast, inflectional morphology involves an obligatory grammatical specification characteristic of a word class (Typological Distinctions in Word-Formation in Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 2007). This distinction, however, is not always clear-cut. Examples and Observations Inflectional Categories and Derivational CatgeoriesThe prototypical inflectional categories include number, tense, person, case, gender, and others, all of which usually produce different forms of the same word rather than different words. Thus leaf and leaves, or write and writes, or run and ran are not given separate headwords in dictionaries. Derivational categories, in contrast, do form separate words, so that leaflet, writer, and rerun will figure as separate words in dictionaries. In addition, inflectional categories do not, in general, alter the basic meaning expressed by a word; they merely add specifications to a word or emphasize certain aspects of its meaning. Leaves, for instance, has the same basic meaning as leaf, but adds to this the specification of multiple exemplars of leaves. Derived words, by contrast, generally denote different concepts from their base: leaflet refers to different things from leaf, and the noun writer calls up a somewhat different concept from th e verb to write.That said, finding a watertight cross-linguistic definition of inflectional which will let us classify every morphological category as either inflectional or derivational is not easy. . . . [W]e define inflection as those categories of morphology that are regularly responsive to the grammatical environment in which they are expressed. Inflection differs from derivation in that derivation is a lexical matter in which choices are independent of the grammatical environment.​(Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols, Inflectional Morphology. Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon, 2nd ed., edited by Timothy Shopen. Cambridge University Press, 2007)Dictionaries and Inflectional Morphology[I]t is not correct to say that dictionaries never have anything to say about inflectional morphology. This is because there are two reasons why a word form such as pianists does not have to be listed, and these reasons are interdependent. T he first is that, once we know that an English word is a noun denoting a kind of thing that can be counted (if the noun is pianist or cat, perhaps, but not astonishment or rice), then we can be confident that it will mean simply more than one X, whatever X may be. The second reason is that, unless otherwise specified, we can be confident that the plural form of any countable noun will be formed by adding to the singular form the suffix -s (or rather, the appropriate allomorph of this suffix); in other words, suffixing -s is the regular method of forming plurals.That qualification unless otherwise specified is crucial, however. Any native speaker of English, after a moments thought, should be able to think of at least two or three nouns that form their plural in some other way than by adding -s: for example, child has the plural form children, tooth has the plural teeth, and man has the plural men. The complete list of such nouns in English is not long, but it includes some that are extremely common. What this means for the dictionary entries for child, tooth, man and the others is that, although nothing has to be said about either the fact that these nouns possess a plural form or about what it means, something does have to be said about how the plural is formed.(Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh University Press, 2002)Eight Regular Morphological InflectionsThere are eight regular morphological inflections, or grammatically marked forms, that English words can take: plural, possessive, third-person singular present tense, past tense, present participle, past participle, comparative degree, and superlative degree. Most have phonologically sensitive realizations. . . .Modern English has relatively few morphological inflections in comparison with Old English or with other European languages. The inflections and word-class clues that do remain help the listener process incoming language.(Marianne Celce-Murcia, Donna M. Brinton, and Janet M. Goodwin, Teaching Pronunciation: A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge University Press, 1996)Irregular Inflectional MorphologyThe so-called irregular inflectional morphology or morphological processes (such as internal vowel change or ablaut (sing, sang, sung)) today represent limited historical remnants of former grammatical inflectional systems which were probably semantically based and are now acquired lexically for frequently used lexical items rather than as grammatical systems (Tobin 1993:Ch. 12).​(Yishai Tobin, Phonology as Human Behavior: Inflectional Systems in English. Advances in Functional Linguistics: Columbia School Beyond Its Origins, ed. by Joseph Davis, Radmila J. Gorup, and Nancy Stern. John Benjamins, 2006)

Crtical thinking in Gerontonlogy, the Field of Aging Essay

The field of Gerontology, which is a study of aging and the aged, is slowing expanding as the overall age of the population increases. Gerontology and the aging field are very important aspects to study as it allows us to challenge ageism and the discriminatory social practices that soon follow after an individual reaches a certain age in life. There are numerous assumptions made about those who are no longer considered young, and society discriminates and take advantage of them, to further its own gain. A large portion of the debate began back in the 1980’s from both the conservatives and the liberals about the challenge of ageism and that the aging population is taking away to many resources that are needed for the younger†¦show more content†¦Losing such control is deemed unacceptable, and thus, they are discriminated against for something that may not be true. With these negative stereotypes, the elderly are being discriminated against and discarded, but thi s not only hurting them, it is detrimental on society as a whole (Andrews, 2012). It affects the interaction they have with people of various ages, and those interactions are what fuel the social discrimination and conflict. However, there are certain organizations that attempt to change the perspective that society hold for its elder by getting rid of the negative stereotypes and replacing them with a more positive outlook and image of aging (Settersten Trauten, 2009). The media has created an anti-aging industry which tells society how to defy aging for as long as possible using anti aging cream or plastic surgery. But this is not what true aging is about, and anyone who is going through the process will agree. Ageing is not about trying to stay young, but rather about the natural transition of life. No one sees it as a natural transition, because of stereotyping, and discrimination. Aging has become a worldwide social problem because it could be looked at from both a beneficia l and detrimental perspective (Phillipson, 2006). Many people in society tend to focus on the negative aspects of aging, but there are many positive

How Can One Connect Anita Roddick and Entrepreneurship free essay sample

Her personal qualities match with the ones that are often said to be the most imported characteristics of an entrepreneur. She is creative and she is really driven. Entrepreneurship is not about what is done but how its done. And she uses her possessed skills to max at all time in her company to make the best of it. I. e. in the start up phase of body shop she lacked money to buy in more bottles, so she began to offer a refill service. Its small measures like that that really makes me like her and her thinking. Entrepreneurship is often associated with innovation. And by again small measurements she innovated an existing product to fulfill 2 purposes instead of just 1. The purpose to make your skin to feel soft and smell good, and the purpose to fulfill human need to be good to the environment. And by innovating her product she made herself a lot different for her competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on How Can One Connect Anita Roddick and Entrepreneurship? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Analyse the entrepreneurial actions in the case material. How do these connect to the tools from the course? We could apply sarashvaty model on how business start, Anita work through a effectioation model. She did no market research . She turned to herself and found a need. The need, not having to buy a big bottle of soup or an equivalent product if she only needed a small size bottle. This combined with her interest of natural raw materials that could be used as replacements for a equivalent product made by chemicals. A combination which turned out to be an success. She was also right in ansoff matrix. She knew there was a big market and her product wasn’t really knew to the coustmer, just slightly reinvented to make her different. Early she really focused on affordable loss and bootstrapping. She made the most of her pencies and made a thing out 3. Discuss the importance of resources for Anita. She really focus on her products to be â€Å"natural† ?. It sounds good in the ears of customers. Other resources like human capital, she understand that she cant know everything, therefore she hires people who possesses the skills she lacks. 4. To what extent can Anita’s success be connected to her background, personality and ethical beliefs? What can others learn from her success (young people, old people, men, women, immigrants, in different markets etc)? She learned the importence of being flexible to adapt to he market. 5. How important is â€Å"flexibility† for Anita and The Body Shop? Red letters 6. How does Anita try to involve more women in the workplace? 7. What type of ethical and environmental behaviour does The Body Shop engage in? Who does it really benefit? Save the resources of the world. Really all kinds of societal questions, like anti war camping. Them self. 8. Is it really possible to behave â€Å"ethically† in every facet of starting, growing, and managing a business? Or is this just a marketing ploy? Please give examples. No, ethically stuff costs more money.

Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example For Students

Streetcar Named Desire Essay Why Can’t Blanche and Stanley Just Get Along?In A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams uses astrology and character names to further define the two main characters, Blanche and Stanley. Blanche is a Virgo, whereas Stanley is a Capricorn. Both have very different characteristics, which cannot blend with one another. It is evident that Blanche and Stanley alienate each other further because of their astrological signs; Virgos are more sensitive while Capricorns are more realistic. Throughout the play, Blanche expresses positive aspects that are described by her astrological sign (Virgo). A Virgo is intellectual, critical, fussy, shrewd, logical, methodical, practical, and has teaching ability. They can lack confidence and need constant reassurance (Signs In Detail: Virgo). This coincides with Blanche because she used to be an English teacher but was fired. Furthermore, when first entering the apartment she acts in a very critical manner; Oh, I’m not going to be hypo critical, I’m going to be honestly critical about it†¦ Only Mr. Edgar Allan Poe! – Could do it justice†¦ Why didn’t you tell me†¦ that you had to live in these conditions (Williams 20). Blanche is also a character that always needs reassurance about her looks. She mentions to her sister, Stella, that she hasn’t put on an ounce in ten years and asks about her appearance. However, then she criticizes her sister by telling her to watch her hips and maybe do something with her hair, not knowing that Stella is pregnant. Blanche can be described as the ‘perfect’ Virgo if compared to its traditional traits. We will write a custom essay on Streetcar Named Desire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Blanche also conveys some negative aspects of the sign Virgo. She is a character who does not show her age, another Virgo rule. In her living area, the light is made dim and before leaving the house, she applies makeup to hide her age. The Chinese paper lantern may represent her concealment. Another characteristic is that she desires wealth but is not able to acquire it easily (Virgo). An example of this trait is seen when Blanche makes up a story about her rich friend who will support a shop for her and Stella. This can also prove that Blanche lives in a superficial world, her predisposition to gloss over the harsh realities of life by pretending that they are simply not there (Cardullo). She is a perfectionist and loses trust in others and herself if anything occurs, such as when she refuses †¦ to forgive herself for denying Allan the compassion that would have saved and perhaps changed him, or at any rate made his burden easier to bear (Cardullo). Blanche suggests that she is jealous of Stan and Stella; Stan and Stella have what Blanche wants. Their intimacy involves a degree of humility, spirited affection, and overt need, certainly, as well as the working out of a pattern of living generally suitable for them both (Berkman). Blanche’s desire is to feel needed. These flaws may have caused her inability to relate to Stanley. Stanley conveys some of the traditional Capricorn traits. On the positive side, his reasoning ability is outstanding. He is also socially oriented; his poker pals look out for him such as, when he took his anger out on Stella and the guys made him cool off. Stanley is also a character who is willing to work hard for anything that he wants and is very cautious. Capricorns are untrusting and often investigate. When Stella told him that Blanche lost Belle Reve, he wanted to examine all of her belongings and the bank papers. Also, he was the one that found out why Blanche retired during the school year. On the negative aspect of this astrological sign, they experience many mood swings. They can be calm for a while, and then suddenly have an outburst in anger such as during the poker game. They can express concern, which might turn into cruelty, and so they cannot always control their actions. Also, Capricorns do not like to be alone and are very selective in their search for a mate becau se they are capable of falling in love for pleasure. Williams made the rape seem accidental, the result more of Stanley’s sudden and uncontrollable drunken lust than of his calculation and deliberate cruelty. Stanley does not rape Blanche because he knows her nervous breakdown and expulsion from his home will result. Rather, he does so because he has been physically to her from the start and has been encouraged by her on at least one occasion, and is able to fuel his desires with knowledge of her checkered past in Laurel. Too, he has probably not been sexually gratified for some time due to his wife’s growing pregnancy and the concurrent dearth of privacy created by his sister-in-law’s visit to their already cramped quarters (Cardullo). Most of Stanley’s astrological characteristics contradict those of Blanche’s. .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 , .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .postImageUrl , .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 , .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200:hover , .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200:visited , .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200:active { border:0!important; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200:active , .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200 .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15e83888ed474edd34860aea89218200:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atheism EssayWilliams also uses character names to further define Blanche and Stanley. The name Blanche comes from a French word meaning white. This concurs with Blanche’s character because she uses the French language to charm Mitch and seem more intelligent. White is also the color of purity. Williams might have used irony there, since Blanche is not at all pure. According to Parent Soup, Stanley’s name means from the rocky meadow. His life may seem rocky because his pregnant wife is not sexually gratifying him. Also, Stanley and Stella’s apartment is not very spacious or luxurious. Stanley’s name might also apply to Blanche, who had a rocky l ife, but denies it all throughout the play. The character’s names and astrological signs may explain why they cannot seem to get along with each other. Blanche is a Virgo who is sensitive, unable to trust anyone, and lives in a superficial world. On the other hand, Stanley is a Capricorn who is more realistic, practical, and untrusting. They estrange one another because, neither will tolerate the other, since each believes that the other a threat to the achievement or maintaining of intimacy in life (Cardullo). Bibliography:Capricorn. http://tenthouse.com/horoscope/features/c-capri.html (20 Dec. 1999)Meanings and Origins. The Parent Soup. http://www2.parentsoup.com/babynames/baby/s.html(23 Dec. 1999)Signs in Detail: Capricorn. http://www.astrologynow.net/caprifr.htm(22 Dec. 1999)Signs in Detail: Virgo. http://www.astrologynow.net/virgofr.htm(22 Dec. 1999)Virgo. http://tenthouse.com/horoscope/features/c-virgo.html (20 Dec. 1999)